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North Korea (About this sound listen), officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK; Chosŏn'gŭl: 조선민주주의인민공화국; Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk), is a country in East Asia, in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. The name Korea is derived from Goryeo (or Koryo), a name used by ancient and medieval kingdoms. The capital and largest city is Pyongyang. North Korea shares a land border with China to the north and north-west, along the Amnok (Yalu) and Tumen rivers. A small section of the Tumen River also forms North Korea's short border with Russia to the northeast.[6] The Korean Demilitarized Zone marks the boundary between North Korea and South Korea. The legitimacy of this border is not accepted by either side, as both states claim to be the legitimate government of the entire peninsula. Korea was annexed by the Empire of Japan in 1910. In 1945, when Japan was defeated in World War II, Korea was divided into two occupied zones, with the north occupied by the Soviet Union and the south by the United States. Negotiations on unification failed, and in 1948 two separate governments were formed: the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in the north, and the Republic of Korea in the south. The conflicting claims of sovereignty led to the Korean War in 1950. An armistice in 1953 committed both to a cease-fire, but the two countries remain officially at war because a formal peace treaty was never signed.[7] Both states were accepted into the United Nations in 1991.[8] The DPRK officially describes itself as a socialist state[9] and holds elections, but it is widely considered a dictatorship and has been described as totalitarian and Stalinist[18][19][20] with an elaborate cult of personality around the Kim family. The Workers' Party of Korea, led by a member of the ruling family,[20] holds power in the state and leads the Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland of which all political officers are required to be a member.[21] Juche, an ideology of self-reliance initiated by the country's first President, Kim Il-sung, became the official state ideology, replacing Marxism–Leninism, when the country adopted a new constitution in 1972.[22][23] In 2009, references to communism (Chosŏn'gŭl: 공산주의) were removed from the country's constitution.[24][dubious – discuss] The means of production are owned by the state through state-run enterprises and collectivized farms, and most services such as healthcare, education, housing and food production are state funded or subsidized.[25] In the 1990s North Korea suffered from a famine and continues to struggle with food production.[26] North Korea follows Songun, or "military-first" policy.[27] It is the world's most militarized society, with a total of 9,495,000 active, reserve, and paramilitary personnel. Its active duty army of 1.21 million is the 4th largest in the world, after China, the U.S., and India.[28] It possesses nuclear weapons.[29][30] As a result of its isolation, it is sometimes known as the "hermit kingdom".