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Investment in land had to be encouraged and agriculture had to be improved. Company introduced the Permanent Settlement in 1793. By the terms of the settlement, the rajas and taluqdars were recognised as zamindars. They were asked to collect rent from the peasants and pay revenue to the Company. The amount to be paid was fixed permanently, that is, it was not to be increased ever in future. Since the revenue demand of the state would not be increased, the zamindar would benefit from increased production from the land. Zamindars were in fact not investing in the improvement of land. In Bengal Presidency, Holt Mackenzie devised the new system in 1822. Collectors went from village to village, inspecting the land to calculate the revenue that each village (mahal) had to pay. Revised periodically. Village headman collected the revenue, rather than the zamindar. This system came to be known as the mahalwari settlement Food Production: Forced cultivation cultivation of opium and indigo. jute in Bengal, tea in Assam, sugarcane in the United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh), wheat in Punjab, cotton in Maharashtra and Punjab, rice in Madras. For India was the biggest supplier of indigo in the world at that time. Britain began to industrialise. Cotton production expanded dramatically, creating an enormous new demand for cloth dyes. demand for Indian indigo grew further. Last decades of the eighteenth century indigo cultivation in Bengal expanded rapidly. dominate the world market. In 1788 only about 30 per cent of the indigo imported into Britain was from India. By 1810, the proportion had gone up to 95 per cent. Nij and Ryoti Cultivation:- Nij - leased land cultivation:- Lack of availability of land - blocks of land quality tools - ploughs and bullocks Ryoti - own land cultivation:- contract (satta) - cycle of loans (system of advances) - no free market indigo replaced rice without increase profits. Woad was British replacement for Indigo. Vats -- A fermentingor storage vessel Blue Rebellion Lathiyals were planters bullymen. Cultivators in 1859 protested against malpractices of Planters. Commission was appointed by british government in support of the Cultivators. Indigo production shifted from Bengal to Bihar. Mahatma Gandhi visited these new plantations in Champaran. They were as bad as Bengal. After 1857's revolt British were vary of another popular uprising. Queen Victoria ruled Britain at the time.